How to Write a Dissertation in Shakespeare Studies the Only Guide You Need for Success

How to Write a Dissertation in Shakespeare Studies the Only Guide You Need for Success A dissertation is an academic paper that details your research and findings on a particular topic and is the result of the work you carried out as a part of your efforts to earn an academic degree. In fact, the quality of your dissertation accounts for 90 percent of how your candidature is going to be evaluated, which means that you should spare no effort in gathering information, doing research and writing it up. A dissertation is an extremely time-consuming, complex and just plain difficult assignment to write, as it requires you to choose a sufficiently original venue of research, comprehensively study the existing body of literature on the subject, carry out your research following a carefully established methodology and provide plenty of proof for your hypothesis. There can be no half-measures: dissertation committees are always extremely strict and attentive to details in their evaluations, and even mild mistakes or flaws can mean rewriting the entire work from scratch or even having to choose another subject and start over. When it comes to Shakespeare studies, things are even more complicated. It is a narrow field that has a rather firmly delineated research methods and principles, and it is quite easy to make an error that will force you to, at the very least, rewrite huge swathes of your work. How to Choose an Original Topic for Your Shakespeare Studies Dissertation One of the main problems you are going to encounter when selecting a topic for your dissertation is that Shakespeare studies is a fairly narrow field that has been meticulously and systematically studied for centuries. It is limited to the works of a single author, and it is only very rarely that something genuinely new is discovered about them. In effect, you have to find a new topic in a field that has been picked clean of any original research questions – ultimately it can turn out to be a greater challenge than the writing per se. However, there are ways to streamline the process of selection and make sure you find a reasonably creative topic. 1. Focus on a Particular Work With about 40 plays, over 150 sonnets, two long narrative poems and a few other smaller works attributed to William Shakespeare, you have a lot to choose from. Focus on a specific work is a viable option. However, each of them has already been the subject of its fair share of research, which means that generic topics like â€Å"The Image of Caliban in The Tempest† are not a very good idea. Try looking for an unusual angle to study the work of your choice, for example: Comparison with another of Shakespeare’s writings; Specific element of imagery or symbolism in the play; Its relation to other Shakespeare’s works of the period; Shakespeare’s interpretation of the historical setting he uses; Popular scholarly arguments related to the play; Peculiarities of language and rhetorical devices used in this particular writing. 2. Focus on the Authorship of the Writing For the most prominent playwright in the English literature, surprisingly little is known about Shakespeare, his life and work. Even now scholars are not 100 percent sure that he wrote all the texts attributed to him by general consensus, and different authorities have different opinions on the provenance of some of these works. Some texts, like Arden of Faversham, have possibly been written by Shakespeare, with no comprehensive evidence for or against it. Others, like Edward III, have been printed anonymously and have strong indications of at least partial authorship by Shakespeare. Still others, like Henry VIII, were collaborations between Shakespeare and other authors, but nobody knows for sure which parts were written by whom. Other, less popular theories, claim that Shakespeare did not even write the plays commonly attributed by him, and even that Shakespeare himself was no more than a collaborative pseudonym of a group of writers. All this opens a rich venue for research. 3. Focus on Historical Background and How It Is Reflected in Shakespeare’s Work The theatre of the Elizabethan age was quite different from what we are used to now, and it is important to take into account that Shakespeare wrote his plays with contemporary realia in mind. It is commonly known that women were not allowed on stage during this period; there are, however, many more peculiarities that influenced the way Shakespeare constructed his plays. For example, Elizabethan theatre typically used large stages that could accommodate many people at once, which allowed for large scenes, sometimes divided into several individual smaller scenes indicating events happening simultaneously. At the same time, the audience was seated far closer to the scene than today, with a sharp vertical gradient – this means that actors could talk in stage whispers and still be heard by all attending. These are just two examples of how the medium influenced the plays – you can dig further and find other factors. 4. Focus on a Specific Theme across Multiple Works Like any other writer, Shakespeare had a number of themes that dominated more than one of this works. You can choose one of them and analyze its importance across several texts. The themes can range from something simple and self-evident, like love, friendship or politics, to complex ideas of your own creation. 5. Focus on Shakespeare’s Language The English used by Shakespeare was very different from the English we all are used to today, to the point that his unadapted texts are almost unintelligible for a modern English speaker without a hefty dose of references. Not only did the language go through many changes since then, but it also was far less standardized at the time, which leads to further confusion. Naturally, all this opens up great possibilities for research, aimed at such things as: Alternative translations of words and phrases; Alternative interpretations of the more obscure fragments of the original texts; Deeper analysis of meaning based on better understanding of particular words and phrases; And so on. All in all, despite Shakespeare’s work having been thoroughly studied for generations, there are still topics to be researched. Here are some ideas you may find useful: The Role of Structure in Expression of the Meaning in Shakespearean Sonnets; Parent-Children Relations in Shakespearean Plays and Their Connection to the Poet’s Family; Shakespearean Fool as the Voice of Reason at the Center of Insane World; Edward III and Its Authors: Shakespeare’s Role in the Play’s Creation; The Influence of the Principles of Elizabethan Theatre on the Structure of Julius Caesar. How to Properly Structure Your Dissertation in Shakespeare Studies A dissertation is a highly complex piece of work, with different colleges and other educational institutions having their own ideas of how exactly one should structure it. This means that the plan we offer here is just a recommendation – if your supervisor gives you instructions that differ or contradict what you see here, you should naturally follow the guidelines provided by your university. For example, a dissertation may be structured as a long essay, with a main thesis, an argument supporting it flowing through the entire body of the paper and chapters covering individual points or themes. However, what you will find here can help you better understand what you should write in different parts of your paper if they are present in the structure you are offered. Title Page The requirements for a title page differ from college to college and professor to professor, but normally you put all identifying information about your paper here: its title, your name and department, your college, degree program you write your dissertation for, submission date, etc. Ask your supervisor what exactly and in what order you should write. Acknowledgements An optional part to list everybody you want to thank for their help in writing the dissertation. Abstract Here you provide a short summary of your research. Although it usually goes as the first meaningful part of a dissertation, it should be that last part of it you write, because by the time you work on it you should already know how your research went and what results you achieved. A typical abstract is about 200-300 words long and contains: The main topic and purpose of your research; Your methodology; The most important results; Conclusions you have come to. Despite its negligible size, an abstract is probably the most important part of a dissertation, as it is the first (and often the only) part of it that the audience reads. So make sure it is short, clear and to the point. Table of Contents This part contains all the headings and subheadings of your dissertation along with the accompanying page numbers. Make sure you include all parts here, including the appendices. Glossary This part should be included if you used many obscure terms and expressions that some of the readers may not know. Put them in alphabetical order and give short definitions. Introduction Introduction leads up to the main part of your research, and should delineate your dissertation’s topic, define your research goals and explain why your work is important and relevant. It performs the following functions: Names the topic and provides basic background data; Defines the focus of your research and separates it from irrelevant information; Provides a short overview of the existing research on the subject matter, mentioning how your work refers to it, why it is necessary and what new information you hope to uncover; Defines the questions you want to answer and sets your goals; Gives a short overview of the paper’s structure. The introduction should answer three questions: what, why and how you intend to research. Answer them in as few words and as directly as you can. Literature Review No academic work exists in isolation, especially in such a heavily researched field as Shakespeare studies. In this part, you show that you have sufficient knowledge of the existing literature on the subject. This means that by the time you write this part you should: Gather relevant sources. The majority of them should come from peer-reviewed academic journals and books by recognized authorities on Shakespeare, although other sources should be used as well. The best approach is to maintain balance: use some high-authority sources and other types, such as websites, bestselling books and so on, to show the breadth of your research. You can find most sources you need using online academic search engines and databases like Google Scholar, EBSCO Academic Search or JSTOR; Evaluate and sift through them. Some sources are biased or affiliated with organizations that may be the source of tendentious conclusions. Before using a source, try to define if it is to be trusted; Make conclusions based on the bigger picture. You should not just summarize everything that was written on the subject so far, but also show the existing books and articles in relation to each other. For example, you can identify gaps in the research that your work will fill in, conflicts between the existing points of view that you aim to resolve, patterns that can be drawn further, to cover additional works by Shakespeare and so on. Methodology A dissertation is not a freeform assignment; it has to be carried out following a particular set of methods, and in this section, you have to enumerate and explain them. What exactly this section should include depends on the nature of your research, but most often this is: Research type (e.g., qualitative or quantitative); Data collection methods (archives, linguistic analysis, etc.); Information on where and how you have obtained your data; Analysis methods; Equipment and tools you used (e.g., software); Problems you have encountered and how you have dealt with them. This section should carefully describe what and how you did and persuade the reader that your choice of methods was optimal for the chosen research. Results and Discussion Sometimes these constitute a single section, sometimes they are separated – refer to your professor and college guidelines to know for sure. In Results, you enumerate all your findings that are relevant to your original research questions. In Discussion, you analyze what the results of your research mean in relation to research questions and the existing body of research on the topic. Did you expect these results? How can your findings be interpreted alternatively? What are the limitations of your research? What could have influenced the outcome of your work? Conclusion Here you give the answer to your main research question, reflect on your work in its entirety, how you approached your task and point out promising potential venues for further research based on your findings. This section should make it clear how your dissertation added to the existing knowledge on Shakespeare’s work and why it was worth doing. How to Edit Your Dissertation on Shakespeare to Achieve Optimal Results With its complicated structure and numerous sources it is based on, your average dissertation can go wrong in dozens of different ways. Therefore, it is wrong to think that the work on it is finished once you have written the final line. If you want it to be accepted, you have to spend a lot of time editing and perfecting it. Here are a few things you should pay attention to. 1. Review the Guidelines Dissertation committees are extremely strict about the rules. Mistakes in formatting or suchlike can be just as disastrous for the overall result as wrong choice of methodology. Study the formatting style you have been told to use, the guidelines of the college and personal instructions of your professor and make sure you have followed them correctly. 2. Do not Do It in One Sitting You have not written your dissertation in one sitting, and you should not try to do the editing this way. Whether you read it multiple times in search for different types of mistakes or make a single slow sweep correcting all types of mistakes as you go along, break your work into segments and take breaks. When you leave off, mark the place where you finished to continue from it later. 3. Know Your Weaknesses Each person has typical mistakes to look out for. Make a list of mistakes you know you have been making in the past, and check with it as you proofread. 4. Check for Missing and Superfluous Parts As you read your dissertation, analyze it one paragraph at a time and evaluate every detail, asking yourself whether you truly need it to make your point. If not, delete it. When you have finished a paragraph, check if anything is missing and add any information you need to prove its point. 5. Use Proofreading Tools Proofreading tools like Grammarly and Readable are limited in their functionality and cannot replace a determined proofreader, but they can help you notice mistakes and flaws. Just don’t take everything they tell at face value, and you will be alright. Now you are ready to handle your own dissertation without asking anybody for help. Check with our manual as you write, and even the most difficult topic will not give you any trouble!

Anything Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Anything - Essay Example In order for one to get good housing the amount of money he is paid becomes a factor. This essay will examine the trends in house inequalities and the financial position of an individual in details. The constant gap in house ownership rates between whites and black has continued to increase though barriers in homeownership for the minority groups were lifted long time ago. The current housing policy now targets minority homeownership with the specific intention of closing the gap in house ownership among different groups. The informal development of urban land which was traditionally perceived as an important way through which the poorest residents of the urban centers got shelter. This has changed since increasingly middle, and high-income households are buying land informally for housing. It is clear that those workers who are able to learn new working skills especially in technology will benefit from higher salaries. But on the other hand those who are used to carrying out routine jobs which can be handled by computers and robots will be competing with few jobs or will be pushed into low-skill jobs and hence it will be difficult for them to afford buying better houses (Tally 22). Opportunities for middle-income households to purchase a house on the formal market are limited. Those who come from the families with low income struggle to construct low-cost housing though this is hindered by fluctuations in the price and availability of raw materials which increases construction time and expenses and can stretch the budgets of the developer beyond the monetary capability of the scheme. High monthly costs in both the rental and ownership markets compared to low land prices has encouraged middle-income households to seek shelter through informal channels. Growing demand for informal land has thus placed pressure on supply, resulting in rising land prices, effectively reducing accessibility by

Should the united states pull out of afghanistan Essay

Should the united states pull out of afghanistan - Essay Example The initial dispatch of troops to Afghanistan was to either capture or kill Osama bin Laden who was the master mind behind the attack and to decimate his network Al Qaeda. If this is the principal reason for the war, now that Osama bin Laden is dead and the Al Qaeda decimated to only 50 members in Afghanistan, is it not time to pull out of Afghanistan. If the reason for our continuing presence in Afghanistan is based on the lofty ideals of nation building of that strife torn country and install democracy, then it cannot be achieved since Afghanistan itself is against that concept and western type of democracy is a fallacy there. We have deployed 100000 troops in Afghanistan and lost nearly 1600 American lives so far and 11541 have been wounded and maimed, many of them seriously and their lives will never be normal. Having accomplished the mission for what they have been sent for, the American troops are longing to come back home. It has been reported that there is no purpose served for prolonging the troops stay over there. The war has a devastating effect on the life of personnel leaving them traumatized. About 25 percent of US army personnel serving in Afghanistan suffer from traumatic stress disorder and close to 16 percent of troops is under medication for mental illness. According to Andrew.J.Belvich â€Å"American Soldiers are now said to face the prospect of perpetual conflict†( Andrew J Belvich). The cost of this longest war in Afghanistan becomes unmanageable with $120 billion a year or $10 billion per month. The Unites State has pumped in $18.8 billion as foreign aid and so far has spent $444 billion on the expenses. The amount so far spent has aggravated our fiscal problem. Our federal government has burgeoning national debt of $1.5 trillion this year which has to be taken care of. Unless we attend to this problem the nation could default on its debt and debt servicing. If we pull out from

Demography Essay: Study of Human Population Dynamics

Demography Essay: Study of Human Population Dynamics Demography is the study of human population dynamics. Population is shaped by a number of factors including fertility, mortality, migration and urbanization. Significant demographic changes have been shown in many parts of the world. The world population growth has been decelerating since 1970s. Fertility rates in more developed countries (MDCs) have been showing a declining trend, whereas an increasing one in the less developed countries (LDCs). Mortality rates have gone down in both MDCs and LDCs due to medical advancement. Consequently, the population of the countries with low fertility rates aged more quickly, and the world population growth will be concentrated in those developing countries where fertility rates remain high. Uneven population growth among nations accelerated the migration of people across nation borders and the growth of cities. The changes of these interrelated factors with their causes and problems of each of the factors will be discussed, followed by some pos sible plans and opportunities that may benefit from these changes. 1 Fertility Fertility is the incidence of childbearing in a countrys population. Fertility rates have been falling in the MDCs. Findings from PRB (2009a) showed that the growth of future population would be almost entirely in the LDCs, with the most rapid growth in the poorest countries and regions where fertility rates still remain high. In the past 2 decades, countries with Total Fertility Rate (TFR) lower than the replacement rate of 2.1 were all MDCs including Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Japan, Singapore, and Hong Kong etc. (see table 1.1). HK has been experiencing a decreasing fertility rate since 1970s and it reached the historical low of 0.9 in 2003. CSD (2010) projected that TFR of HK continue to decline over the next 30 years. Japan and HK have the lowest projected TFR in 2039 which is 1.25 and 0.94 respectively (see table 1.2). The declining fertility trend can be attributed to a number of factors. Women nowadays have more educational and career opportunities as a result of socio-economic development in many countries, which encourages them to grab these opportunities before they start a family. Marriage postponement in HK is revealed by the increasing median age at first marriage for women, which rose from 26.1 in 1989 to 28.5 in 2009 (CSD 2010). Late marriage for women shortens their childbearing exposure period. Also, women have more access to reliable family planning methods. Worldwide, the use of contraception rose from less than 10% for married women of childbearing age in the 1960s to 62% in 2009 (PRB 2009b). Low fertility rate has led to the decline of young population, and hence, a slow growth of the working population would slow down the economic growth. CSD (2010) projected that the proportion of the HK population aged 65 and over would rise markedly from 13% in 2009 to 28% in 2039. The median age would also increase from 40.7 in 2009 to 47.6 in 2039. An ageing population will put a huge pressure on public finances. Tax base will become narrower because of the shrinking working population. On the other hand, expenditures related to the elderly such as medical and social security payments will increase substantially. The government could stimulate fertility by subsidizing childbirth costs. For example, the Japanese government introduced a new plan in Apr 2009, to pay for all childbirth costs with the public funds (Shimbun 2008). Moreover, regulations and laws should protect and be more favorable to the pregnant women. For example, to extend the maternity leave period. Increasing number of working parents has created a great need for quality childcare. That need is creating a great entrepreneurial opportunity for people who love children and want to start a business in childcare. Childcare services range from small home-based operations to large commercial centers. 2 Mortality Mortality refers to the incidence of death in a countrys population. The phenomenal increase in world population in the 20th century was a consequence of the worldwide trend towards increasing life expectancy and declining mortality, as a result of health and medical advancements. However, the levels in mortality vary from country to country. Although deaths of children in poorer countries like those in the sub-Saharan Africa make up a large fraction of all deaths, the decreasing mortality rate has declined enough to fuel rapid population growth. Nearly 11 million children died under the age of five in 2003 (UNDESA 2005). 98% of these children lived in developing countries. Sub-Saharan Africa got the highest regional average of under-five mortality in 2003 (see table 2.1), and it also experienced the least reductions over the 1990s. The lack of progress in sub-Saharan Africa can be attributed to the increase in child deaths from AIDS in some countries. For most countries, efforts to reduce malnutrition and provide appropriate interventions to address diseases like pneumonia, vaccine-preventable diseases and malaria were inadequate. Poor health systems and socio-economic stagnation due to instability have been the obstacles to the progress in the region (UNDESA 2005). Over 2,000 children die from malaria each day in sub-Saharan Africa. Episodes of fever and anaemia damage the mental and physical development of those children who survive. As the children is the source of the future workforce, it is important to keep them grow up healthily. If situation never improves, the society will never increase its competitiveness. The 4th Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) called for reducing child mortality. Its target is to reduce the under-five mortality rate by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015. There is a great need of nutritious food and medical and vaccine treatment for children in countries where child mortality rate remain high. In fact most of the diseases could be avoided if the children are provided with nutritious food and proper vaccination which are not high at cost. Food manufacturers and pharmaceutical company could find the markets there. 3 Migration Migration refers to the movement of people into and out of a particular territory. The annual number of legal immigrants has been increasing since the 1950s, and the regions sending migrants have shifted from Europe to Latin America and Asia (see figure 3.1). In 2005, the U.S. was home to more foreign-born residents than any other country, accounting 38 million of people. Russia was the second, which accounted for 12 million immigrants, and Germany was the third with 10 million. Globalization, economic differences across nations, and uneven population growth and have increased the flow of people across national borders. In 2005, 62 millions of immigrants from moved from LDCs to MDCs, while 61 million moved from one LDC to another for work opportunities. Others have moved to escape from economic problems, civil unrest or natural disasters. (PRB 2009b) The Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) impugned in large-scale immigration leading to excessive population growth and environmental degradation, displacing low-skilled American workers and depressing their wages, and threatening the cultural bonds that hold Americans together (Martin Midgley 2006). Martin Midgley (2006) has also discussed some recommendation suggested by the U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform (CIR). In 1997 CIR recommended that the federal government do more to Americanize immigrants. They advocated that Americanization, accommodating and integrating immigrants, is a two-way street. The CIR also recommended federal grants to communities with large numbers of immigrants to create resource centers that promote immigrant-native interactions. It also urged U.S. businesses to do more to help integrate immigrants they hire. Self-employment is often used as a proxy measure for entrepreneurship. Self-employment rates were especially high among some groups: 28% of those born in Korea, as were 20% or more of those born in Russia and Iran. Self-employment normally declines with economic development, as farmers leave the land for urban jobs in factories and offices. However, in the new service economy, it has become easier to be self-employed, and immigrants may be in a unique position to spot opportunities (Martin Midgley 2006). 4 Ageing Population World population ageing is unprecedented and enduring. By 2050, the number of older persons in the world would exceed the number of young for the first time in history (UNDESA 2009). There would be more young people in LDCs than in MDCs (see figure 4.1). About one-forth of the population in Japan, Italy and Germany aged over 60 in 2002 and the percentage was expected to exceed 30% by 2025 (see figure 4.2). The proportion of the HK population aged 65 and over was projected to rise markedly from 13% in 2009 to 28% in 2039 (CSD 2010). The median age of the above mentioned countries/region are well above 40 in 2010 according to CIA (see table 4.3). Ageing population is a consequence of declining fertility and increased life expectancy resulting from declining mortality as mentioned in the previous sections. The problem concentrates in the Northern Hemisphere where fertility rate and mortality rate are low. Problems associated with ageing population are closely related to those associated with declining fertility as discussed in previous section. Japan expected its workforce to shrink by 16% (about 10 million people) from 2006 to 2031 (The Economist 2006a). Corporations could consider keeping and hiring old employees. The following are examples discussed on The Economist (2006b): Toyota has adopted its workstations to older workers, and IBM used its network to recruit retired people for particular projects. The HK government have attracted 200,000 talented people from Mainland China and overseas to HK since 1997, aiming to improve the population structure (The 2008-09 Budget 2008). The market will consist of growing number of elderly customers in the next few decades. A great market lies in the increasing the awareness of financial planning, health and fitness. Banks nowadays could spend more effort in their financial planning programs. As good health should be developed from young, fitness centres, health food manufacturers could grab this opportunity to sell this concept to their potential customers. 5 Urbanization, the Growth of Cities Urbanization is defined as the concentration of humanity into cities. Cities have existed for thousands of years but grew faster after the industrial revolution. Since the 1950s, rapid urban growth has become a global phenomenon. The world population was expected to increase from 6.7 billion in 2007 to 9.2 billion in 2050 (UNDESA 2008). Population living in urban areas was projected to gain from 3.3 billion in 2007 to 6.4 billion in 2050 (see figure 5.1), and most of the urban population growth would be concentrated in the cities of the less developed regions (see table 5.2). Asia, in particular, was projected to increase by 1.8 billion, and Africa by 0.9 billion (see table 5.3). Population growth is therefore becoming largely an urban phenomenon concentrated in the developing world. Population growth has been the main factor in the growth of cities in LDCs, whereas rural-urban migration has been the main reason for cities growth in industrialized countries. Furthermore, global economic growth, urban-urban migration and international migration have also affected urban growth (UN 2010). Problem of urbanization is manifestation of lopsided urbanization, poor urban planning, poor economic base and without having functional categories. India for example, urbanization was followed by some basic problems in housing, slums, transport water supply and sanitation, water pollution and air pollution, inadequate provision for social infrastructure and poverty (Datta 2006). Redirection of migration flows is required to relieve the problem of overcrowding and unemployment in cities. A strong economic sector in the urban economy is needed (Kundu and Basu 1998), more efforts and investments should be allocated to small cities which have been neglected. Policies should relate to proper urban planning emphasizing improvement of urban infrastructure and restoring original status of old building monuments which have historic value (Datta, 2006). Urbanization critically depends on the necessary infrastructure otherwise it could turn out to be a curse. Investments are required in urban infrastructure, urban transport and urban renewal. Sectors which can find the most opportunities include construction, materials (e.g. steel, copper, aluminums, cement), capital goods, and transportation. Conclusion Are the above mentioned interrelated demographic changes an opportunity or a threat? There is a great potential of economic growth in the LDCs with an increasing population growth, but only if the governments could create a better functioning market, and set appropriate policies to cope with the problems brought by rapid population growth. Ageing population is a common problem among the MDCs. Governments should invest more in education for the society, so as to develop a knowledge-based economy, and enhance the skills and competitiveness of people of all ages in order to cope with the shrinking workforce.

Change and Organizations Essay

Change in organizations is an ongoing process. Change can either be planned or an unexpected result of a decision or other event (Grossman & Valiga, 2009). The purpose of this paper is to identify and discuss a change that has been implemented within the organization. Identity of the Instituted Change The changes necessitated by healthcare reform and consequences of the economy are challenging hospital administrators to decide how they will thrive and respond. A change instituted by the Chief Nursing Officer (CNO) at the hospital where I am employed is the discontinuation of special pay practices. The special pay practices involved are compensation for 40 hours per week when actual worked hours are 36 and compensation for at least a 4 hour minimum. This change has a positive financial impact which allows for growth of the organization. However, if not managed effectively, this change could have a negative effect on staff morale. Decisions by Leader Before implementing the discontinuation of special pay practices, the CNO communicated the goal to the directors and managers of the organization. A plan for roll out to the organization was developed. By building upon and partnering with leaders of the organization, successful shaping of the future can occur (Grossman & Valiga, 2009). While this change created turmoil within the organization, the leaders were armed with the necessary information to positively respond to employees. The CNO clearly defined the vision for the future of the organization. Pointing out with the disappearance of special pay practices, the decision was made to increase certification pay and tuition reimbursement. This change gives way to empowerment of self and aids in achieving personal and professional goals. According to Grossman and Valiga (2009), the leader can help staff rise to their highest level of competency. Connection to the Organization Interconnected pieces of the organization that can be effected by the CNO’s decisions are structural, political, human resource, and organizational culture (Grossman & Valiga, 2009). The structural piece is connected by effecting nursing departments throughout the organization. While those departments with 8 hour shifts are minimally effected, those with 12 hour shifts are significantly impacted. The political piece has ramifications of a positive nature for the organization. Funds that are saved from the special pay practices change can be utilized to augment other programs for growth. The human resource piece has a significant impact by the decision to delete the special pay practices. Employees are affected by a decrease in pay resulting in employee dissatisfaction if the change is not accepted or understood. Organizational culture is affected by removing special pay practices as an option, going forward; the culture will focus on certification pay and tuition reimbursement. The new way or new leadership will adjust to form relationships and connect others to challenge old, bureaucratic organizational structures and old ways of doing things (Grossman & Valiga, 2009). Summary The discontinuation of special pay practices is a change that has been implemented within the organization. Leaders of the organization were given the necessary information to respond to employees as a result of the change. Decisions made effect the structural, political, human resource, and culture of an organization. Reference Grossman, S.C., & Valiga, T.M., (2009). The new leadership challenge: Creating the future of nursing (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA

Beowulf as an Epic Hero

An epic hero is the central figure who has superior qualities and risks personal danger to pursue a grand quest. Beowulf is a great epic hero because he performs many brave deeds such as risking his life for the greater good of society, and is significant and glorified by all people. Beowulf displays all of these heroic characteristics in many situations throughout the poem. Beowulf boasts and boasts about all of his great doings, but in the end he proves to everyone that he is as great as he claims to be. Most could say Beowulf is the perfect example of an Anglo-Saxon hero.First, Beowulf shows that he will do anything for fame, glory, and the greater good of society. He risks his life in many of his adventures in the poem to achieve these goals. An example of him risking his life for fame and society is shown whenever Beowulf decides he is going to kill the fire breathing dragon for the people. Beowulf shows his will to fight for what he desires whenever he says, â€Å"This is not your, nor is it up to any man except me to measure his strength against the monster or to prove his worth. I shall win the gold by my courage, or else mortal combat, doom of battle, will bear your lord away †(ll.682-687).Beowulf’s great courage and will to fight helps him to take down the dragon. Since Beowulf was so willing to risk his life for others, he gained much glory. People felt that all of the great deeds that he had done made him deserve glorification.Another example of Beowulf risking death to fight for people who needed his help, is whenever â€Å"In his far off home, Beowulf, Higlac’s follower and Hickman 2 the strongest of the Geats—greater and stronger than anyone ever in this world—heard how Grendel filled nights with horror and quickly commanded a boat fitted out, proclaiming that he’d go to that famous king, would sail across the sea to Hrothgar, now when help was needed† (ll.109-116). In this situation, Beowulf shows he cares about the greater good of society and will be there whenever help is needed. There are many other situations throughout this epic poem, that show Beowulf’s courage to risk his life for society and fame. Beowulf was always one to volunteer for  the risky situations in life.A second heroic quality that Beowulf possesses is that he performs many brave deeds. An example of these brave deeds is whenever he boasts about killing sea monsters in the ocean. Beowulf says, â€Å"A monster seized me, drew me swiftly toward the bottom, swimming with its claws tight in my flesh. But fate let me find its heart with my sword, hack myself free; I fought that beasts last battle, left it floating lifeless in the sea† (ll.286-291). Beowulf seizing the sea monster is only one of many brave deeds that he accomplishes throughout this epic poem.Beowulf preforms many brave deeds that no normal human being would dare try. Beowulf is a strong believer in his own personal strength. Be owulf says, â€Å"My lord Higlac might think less of me if I let my sword go where my feet were afraid to, if I hid behind some broad linden shield: my hands alone shall fight for me, struggle for life against the monster† (ll.169-174). Beowulf shows his bravery and courage by refusing to use weapons against Grendel. In this epic poem Beowulf preforms these many brave deeds because he has so much courage. He also has so much desire to conquer any challenge that comes his way.Thirdly, Beowulf is very significant and glorified. All of the brave deeds he accomplishes, and the strength that he possesses, gains him much respect and glorification from people. After Beowulf had defeated Grendel â€Å"The old and young rejoiced, turned back from that happy pilgrimage, mounted their hard hooved horses, high-spirited stallions, and rode them slowly toward Herot again, retelling Hickman 3 Beowulf’s bravery as they jogged along† (ll.534-538).People had a great love for Beow ulf’s bravery and looked up to him. Beowulf’s accomplishments were talked about among all people. He was a hero to many people. Beowulf was respected by all â€Å"and over and over they swore that nowhere on Earth or under the spreading sky or between the seas, neither south nor north, was there a warrior worthier to rule over men† (ll.539-542). People looked up to Beowulf because he accomplished many things that they had never seen anyone do before. People glorified his name because of his bravery to stand up for them. Beowulf is very significant and glorified throughout this epic poem.In conclusion, Beowulf had all of the great qualities of an epic hero. Beowulf preformed many brave deeds, risks his life for the greater good of society, and is very significant and glorified by all people. Beowulf never had a problem with putting himself in danger for the good of others. Through all of his grand quests he did nothing but prove to others that he truly is an epic hero. Beowulf was a great Anglo-Saxon hero and is still read and taught about today.

Franz Kafka His Relationship with His Father Revealed in...

Franz Kafka: How his relationship with his father was revealed in â€Å"A Letter to My Father†, â€Å"The Judgment†, â€Å"The Metamorphosis† Franz Kafka is an icon of dark existentialist and absurdist literature that frequently wrote about themes of isolation, alienation, and authoritarian oppression. His well-known work includes the short stories The Metamorphosis, and â€Å" The Judgment.† as well as his prominent Letter to His Father, in which he attempted to clarify the tense relationship and his emotional oddness. Franz Kafka was born in Prague on July 3rd, 1883. Prague was a perplexed city, a great deal like Kafka himself. With several languages and ethnic groups struggling for a position in Prague, it was apparent in the late 19th†¦show more content†¦Kafka describes the tedious, murky and muggy environment that foreshadows the decomposition and fall of Gregor’s life. When Gregor opens his eyes, he finds himself changed into a grotesque vermin or an enormous insect, an insignificant creature. Gregor does not scream. He does not panic at least not until he worries about going to work, that a g igantic insect doesn’t need to bother showing up for work doesn’t cross his mind. It seems as though Gregor accepts his fate so willingly. With this striking opening, Kafka sets his mystifying psychological fantasy in motion. Kafka’s diaries and letters point out that he considered â€Å"Gregor’s fate no worse, or better, than that of any person.† The prior life of a traveling salesman vs. the one-room Gregor occupies, as an insect are both lives of solitude. Kafka wrote that â€Å"the cares we have to struggle with every day† are emotional anguish. Kafka lived a sad life. He was persistently haunted by the oppressive image of his father. This could be clearly seen in Gregor’s attempts to get out of the bed. But, since his door was locked, he would need to call for help, which he does not favor. This shows Kafka’s fear of his father. He would rather lay on the bed forever than call his father to help him. Kafka’s fear es timated here as Gregor’s fearShow MoreRelatedMetamorphosis by Franz Kafka Essay1033 Words   |  5 PagesFranz Kafka’s, The Metamorphosis, is a novella about Gregor Samsa, a man who devotes everything to fulfilling the needs of his family. Kafka’s existentialist perspective on the meaning of life is illustrated through the use of the protagonist of Gregor Samsa. Existentialism is a philosophy concerned with finding self and the meaning of life through free will, choice, and personal responsibility (Existentialism). Gregor is unable to fulfill the existentialist view of finding meaning in one’s life;Read MoreThe Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka1380 Words   |  6 PagesMetamorphosis† by Kafka The Metamorphosis is known to be one of Franz Kafka’s best works of literature. 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