The Power and Influence of Advertising Essay Example for Free

The Power and Influence of Advertising Essay 1. Introduction The questionnaire has been designed to record respondents’ views on the power and influence of advertising in various media. The questionnaire consists of six questions, designed to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. Five out of the six questions (questions 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6) are closed questions, suitable for the recording of quantitative data. Respondents are offered a selection of pre-written answers and choose the category or categories most suited to their profile or opinion. Questions 1 and 2 record respondents’ basic personal details, whilst ensuring that each respondent remains anonymous. Question 1 records the respondent’s sex, and produces nominal data. Question 2 asks respondents to select an age category. This is a preferable practice to asking respondents’ exact age, as people are occasionally unwilling to reveal this information, thus resulting in missing data. This question records ordinal quantitative data. Question 3 asks respondents to choose which form of media they consider to be the most powerful. The questionnaire allows a choice of three responses; â€Å"still image (magazines and newspapers)†, â€Å"still image (billboards)†, or â€Å"moving image (TV)†. This question records nominal quantitative data. Question 5 asks respondents to record whether or not a skilful advertising campaign would influence them to vote for a particular political party, purchase a particular product or brand, or revise their opinion on a specific issue or cause. Respondents are able to select as many or as few options as they wish. This question also records nominal data, as no chosen option is of a higher value than the others. Question 6 records ordinal quantitative data by asking respondents to gauge their opinion of how much they feel that they are influenced by advertising, in comparison to other people. Respondents have the option to choose from three options; â€Å"less than other people†, â€Å"more than other people†, or â€Å"about the same as other people†. In contrast, Question 4 is an open question, designed to allow respondents to elaborate on their perception of the power and influence of the specific media focussed on by the researchers. Naturally, this type of in-depth response contains far more detail, allowing an insight into the individual respondent’s feelings and opinions on the issue. The data provided by this type of question is also more difficult and time-consuming to analyse, as the analyst must sift through each response in detail. Qualitative data of this type could possibly be allocated to separate categories to allow a quantitative analysis, but this would lose any subtlety inherent in the detail, and the categories would offer a fairly crude interpretation of the responses. 2. Design Issues Although each researcher has asked all respondents exactly the same  questions, there are minor differences in the design layout of each researcher’s questionnaire. Researcher A lists all available options for each question on the questionnaire paper. He then records all quantitative responses with a YES or NO beside each respondent’s choices. Similarly, Researcher B also lists all available options for each question on the questionnaire paper. She then circles all respondents’ selected quantitative responses. Researcher C adopts a slightly different approach to recording his data. Except in the case of question 5, a multiple answer question, where all potential answer options are displayed on the questionnaire paper, Researcher C simply records each respondent’s answer to a single choice question below the appropriate question. Researcher C also attaches an alphabetical annotation to the available choices in question 5, apart from in the case of questionnaires 14 and 15. A survey designed to obtain data on the power and influence of advertising in various media could possibly be made more inclusive by including a question on advertising via the world wide web. 3. Results Each of the three researchers obtained 15 completed questionnaires. All quantitative and qualitative responses for each researcher’s questionnaires are detailed in appendices 1 (quantitative data) and 2 (qualitative data). A summary of responses, attributed to each researcher, is given below. 3.1 Quantitative Data 3.1.1 Sex Each researcher has gathered data from both male and female respondents. Researcher A’s responses are heavily biased towards female respondents; 3 males (20%) as compared to 12 females (80%). Both researcher B and Researcher C have achieved more of a balanced sample, with 6 male and 9 female respondents each (40% and 60% respectively). 3.1.2 Age Group The age range of respondents differs dramatically, depending on the researcher. Researcher A’s respondents are fairly evenly spread across the age range, with almost half the sample (46.6%) above the age of 40, and just over half the sample (53.3%) below the age of 40. Researcher B’s data also includes respondents from each age group, although the sample is heavily weighted towards respondents in the 18-25 group (53.3%). Researcher C’s data is far less representative of the complete age range, only containing respondents from the 18-25 and 26-30 age groups, and here it is heavily biased towards the 18-25 group (73.3%). This disparity of sex and age representation may have an effect on the subsequent responses for each researcher. 3.1.3 Most Powerful Form of Advertising The moving image (television) is regarded by the vast majority of all respondents as the most powerful form of advertising, regardless of age and gender. 73.3% of Researcher A’s respondents cited this as their preference, compared to 66.7% of Researcher B’s, and 80% of Researcher C’s respondents. Perhaps significantly, the very highest percentage preference recorded here is from Researcher C’s respondents, who are drawn exclusively from the youngest two age groups. Images in magazines or newspapers are cited by 2 of Researcher A’s respondents, and by 3 each of Researcher B’s and Researcher C’s respondents. Gender and age do not appear to have any strong influence over the data relating to magazines and newspapers, although no respondents are aged over 40. Researcher A’s respondents are both female, one aged between18-25 and the other aged between 31- 40. Researcher B’s respondents include a female aged between 26 -30, and two males from the 18 -25 age group. Researcher C’s respondents are all female, and within the 18-25 age group (unsurprisingly, as all of Researcher C’s respondents are drawn from the youngest two age groups). Images on billboards are only mentioned by 2 each of Researcher A’s and B’s respondents; the two sets of data that contain a wider representation of age ranges. The power of billboard advertising may be affected by a respondent’s age, as no respondent who cited this option is aged less than 26. Researcher A’s respondents are a female aged over 50, and a male from the 26-30 age group. Researcher B’s respondents are a male aged over 50, and a female aged between 31- 40. 3.1.4 The Persuasive Power of a Skilful Advertising Campaign Respondents are asked to state whether or not a skilful advertising campaign would have an influence on them in relation to three factors; voting for a specific political party, buying a particular brand or product, or revising an opinion in relation to a cause or issue. Researcher As and Bs sample groups identified voting for a specific political party as the factor most likely to be influenced by advertising (41.18% and 39.13% respectively). These are the two sample groups with the widest representation of age groups. 34.38% of Researcher Cs respondents identified this factor. An equal percentage of Researcher Cs respondents (34.38%) also identified revising an opinion in relation to an issue or campaign, compared to 27.94% of Researcher As respondents, and 33.33% of Researcher Bs respondents. 30.88% of Researcher As respondents identified influence over buying a brand or product, compared to 27.54% of Researcher Bs, and 31.25% of Researcher Cs (the group containing the youngest respondents) samples. 3.1.5 The Level of Influence as Compared to Other People The question of how much a respondent feels that they are influenced by advertising in relation to other people varies quite considerably by each researcher’s data. 80% of Researcher A’s respondents felt that they are influenced about the same as other people, whereas none felt that they were influenced more. Over half (53.3%) of Researcher B’s respondents felt that they are influenced about the same as other people, as opposed to 26.7% who felt that they are influenced less, and 20.0% who felt that they are influenced more than other people. Researcher C’s respondents are evenly split (33.3%) across all of the three options. Having said this, it is not possible to draw any meaningful conclusions from the data, as the sample sizes are extremely small and unrepresentative. These are, probably, all convenience samples (the researchers have delivered the questionnaire to colleagues, friends and family who they meet during the course of their weekly routine). It would be difficult to make any comparison between the three separate sets of survey data, as each researcher has obtained data from slightly differently weighted samples, as regards gender and age range. 3.2 Qualitative Data In the case of the qualitative responses, there is again variation between each researcher’s data. Researcher A’s qualitative data is extremely brief, mainly consisting of fairly short one sentence responses. The qualitative data obtained by Researcher C contains several slightly longer responses but, again, the majority are rather brief. The majority of Researcher B’s qualitative data responses are far more detailed. She has allowed her respondents to elaborate in their answers, recording the detail, resulting in potentially richer data for analysis. 3.2.1 Moving Image (TV) As discussed in section 3.2 above, the moving image is cited by an overwhelming majority of all respondents, from all three surveys, as the most powerful form of advertising. Researcher A’s respondents gave various reasons for this: †¢ Watching TV unconsciously enters your brain when relaxing. †¢ More real than still pictures. †¢ Music and talk-over help advertising. Researcher B’s respondents elaborated in more depth: †¢ I think it is because you start to desire that object, because you can see it in full detail, and you can see how it looks in 3-D. I think it is the most powerful way of advertising because generally people watch television every day, so will get to see these adverts more so than having to buy a magazine or drive by a billboard. †¢ My eyesight is not as good as it used to be, so I like to be able to hear the advert and what is being advertised. I like to sit down and watch television after I’ve been at work; it helps me to relax and I think that helps me to be drawn into the advert. Researcher B’s respondents show an awareness of the strategic placing of advertising within the television schedule: †¢ Because someone is talking to you, you are more likely to pay attention to the television because you are waiting for your programme to come on. †¢ Because certain companies advertise their products at different times according to how popular the programme is on television. Researcher C’s respondents highlight the passive role of the viewer: †¢ You get the advert’s message where all you have to do is watch. †¢ TV is entertaining to watch and so you’re more susceptible to the ideas adverts present but you don’t necessarily notice it because you’re being entertained. †¢ Because television is more easy to pay attention to than something like reading. Researcher C’s respondents also pinpoint the effects of advertising via an animated medium: †¢ It is interesting to watch television because theirs [sic] moving images and sounds that grab your attention. †¢ Because it uses sound and moving images to create an experience. 3.2.2 Still Image (Magazine or Newspaper) Still images in magazines and newspapers are the second most popular choice for respondents. Researcher A’s recorded responses are extremely brief, and therefore not particularly enlightening: †¢ Persuasive form of advertising. †¢ Colours. Researcher B’s responses are far more informative: Respondents state that: †¢ I think still images capture a moment or a feeling, and if you relate to that it can be powerful, whereas an advert can get lost in moving images, as there are so many more frames, plus a still image can really grab your attention. †¢ I think magazine adverts are quite powerful because you get to look at the picture and understand what is being advertised and what the purpose is for the advert. Also, in between lectures I read a lot of magazines so I get to see loads of adverts. Magazine adverts are nicely laid out and the colour helps sell the item. †¢ I tend to read a lot of magazines; it’s more to do with the fact that the images are stronger. I tend to look at pictures more than read articles. They have started to use black and white images again to make the product  more powerful, and it catches your attention. Researcher C’s respondents add: †¢ You are forced to look at the image because you’re already reading the magazine and, unlike TV, you can look [at] the images for as long as you want to. †¢ The way they use images to provoke certain thoughts. Often they use sex to sell products. †¢ The use of colourful imagery means that you pay attention. 3.2.3 Still Image (Billboard) Unsurprisingly, billboards are selected not only for their imposing physical presence, but also by several respondents who mention travel as part of their daily routine: †¢ I’m often on public transport†¦ they’re almost subliminal. I look at them because I don’t feel it’s as in my face as, say, TV. †¢ The adverts on billboards are very big and easy to read. I do a lot of travelling, so I am on the go all the time, so I pass many each day. When I am stuck in traffic it gives me something to look at. †¢ Billboard adverts are very powerful because they are on large scales, which means that it stands out†¦ billboard adverts are big, colourful and bold. A fourth respondent chooses this option, but states that: I don’t really like them†¦ Appendix 1: Quantitative Data 1. Researcher A Of the 15 completed questionnaires, all respondents answered all questions. Therefore, there is no missing data. Questions: 1.1 Are You†¦ †¢ Male3 (20%) †¢ Female 12 (80%) [pic] 1.2 Which Age Range Do You Fall Into? †¢ 18-25 2 (13.3%) †¢ 26-30 3 (20%) †¢ 31-40 3 (20%) †¢ 41-50 5 (33.3%) †¢ 50+ 2 (13.3%) [pic] 1.3 What Kind of Advertising Do You Find to Be the Most Powerful? †¢ Still Image (Newspaper or Magazine) 2 (13.3%) †¢ Still Image (Billboard) 2 (13.3%) †¢ Moving Image (TV) 11 (73.3%) [pic] 1.4 Are You More Likely to Do Any of the Following as a Result of a Skilful Advertising Campaign? †¢ Vote for a Particular Political Party (41.18%) †¢ Buy a Specific Brand or Product (30.88%) †¢ Issue or Campaign (27.94%) [pic] 1.5 Do You Think That Advertising Influences You †¦ †¢ Less than Other People 3 (20.0%) †¢ More than Other People 0 (0%) †¢ About the Same as Other People 12 (80%) [pic] 2. Researcher B Of the 15 completed questionnaires, all respondents answered all questions. Therefore, there is no missing data. 2.1 Are You†¦ †¢ Male6 (40%) †¢ Female 9 (60%) [pic] 2.2 Which Age Range Do You Fall Into? †¢ 18-25 8 (53.3%) †¢ 26-30 1 (6.7%) †¢ 31-40 2 (13.3%) †¢ 41-50 1 (6.7%) †¢ 50+ 3 (20.0%) [pic] 2.3 What Kind of Advertising Do You Find to Be the Most Powerful? †¢ Still Image (Newspaper or Magazine) 3 (20.0%) †¢ Still Image (Billboard) 2 (13.3%) †¢ Moving Image (TV) 10 (66.7%) [pic] 2.4 Are You More Likely to Do Any of the Following as a Result of a Skilful Advertising Campaign? †¢ Vote for a Particular Political Party (39.13%) †¢ Buy a Specific Brand or Product (27.54) †¢ Issue or Campaign (33.33) [pic] 2.5 Do You Think That Advertising Influences You †¦ †¢ Less than Other People 4 (26.7%) †¢ More than Other People 3 (20.0%) †¢ About the Same as Other People 8 (53.3%) [pic] 3. Researcher C Of the 15 completed questionnaires, all respondents answered all questions. Therefore, there is no missing data. 3.1 Are You†¦ †¢ Male6 (40%) †¢ Female 9 (60%) [pic] 3.2 Which Age Range Do You Fall Into? †¢ 18-25 11 (73.3%) †¢ 26-30 4 (26.7%) †¢ 31-40 0 (0%) †¢ 41-50 0 (0%) †¢ 50+ 0 (0%) [pic] 3.3 What Kind of Advertising Do You Find to Be the Most Powerful? †¢ Still Image (Newspaper or Magazine) 3 (20%) †¢ Still Image (Billboard) 0 (0%) †¢ Moving Image (TV) 12 (80%) [pic] 3.4 Are You More Likely to Do Any of the Following as a Result of a Skilful Advertising Campaign? †¢ Vote for a Particular Political Party (34.38%) †¢ Buy a Specific Brand or Product (31.25%) †¢ Issue or Campaign (34.38%) [pic] 3.5 Do You Think That Advertising Influences You †¦ †¢ Less than Other People 5 (33.3%) †¢ More than Other People 5 (33.3%) †¢ About the Same as Other People 5 (33.3%) [pic] Appendix 2: Qualitative Data Respondents are asked in question 3 to choose which forms of advertising she or he personally finds to be the most powerful, followed by question 4 (an open question) which asks: â€Å"What makes such images powerful†? 1. Researcher A Question:† What makes such images powerful†? 1. I don’t really like them†¦ (2) F, 5 2. I’m often on public transport†¦ they’re almost subliminal. I look at them because I don’t feel it’s as in my face as, say, TV. (2) M, 2 3. Link with reality, similar with reality. (3) F, 4 4. Persuasive form of advertising. (1) F, 1 5. Watching TV, unconsciously enters your brain when relaxing. (3) F, 3 6. More real than still pictures. (3) M, 3 7. Colours and strong personality. (3) F, 4 8. Movement. (3) M, 5 9. Message. Visual stimulation. (3) F, 4 10. Proof of a product to some extent. (3) F, 2 11. Colours. (1) F, 3 12. Stays in memory longer. (3) F, 4 13. Speech and actions (3) F, 2 14. Music and talk-over help advertising. (3) F, 3 15. Camera angles. (3) F, 1 2. Researcher B Question:† What makes such images powerful†? 1. I think it is because you start to desire that object, because you can see it in full detail, and you can see how it looks in 3-D. I think it is the most powerful way of advertising because generally people watch television every day, so will get to see these adverts more so than having to buy a magazine or drive by a billboard. (3) F, 1 2. Sometimes it’s the tune they play with the advert or the characters advertising the product. It tends to hold your attention more than the others. (3) F, 5 3. Because it gets your complete attention. You are sitting down and watching it, it’s not like you’re driving by it and can’t see the full detail of the advert. Also. Because having seen the product on a moving screen you then remember it more. (3) M, 5 4. I think still images capture a moment or a feeling, and if you relate to that it can be powerful, whereas an advert can get lost in moving images, as there are so many more frames, plus a still image can really grab your attention. (1) M, 1 5. Because you get to see a lot of adverts in a short space of time. (3) M, 1 6. I think because you get the sound with the advert it helps to catch your attention more, whereas a still image, you don’t. (3) F, 1 7. Because certain companies advertise their products at different times according to how popular the programme is on television. (3) M, 3 8. Because you get to incorporate sound as well, so it is not just a frozen image. (3) F, 1 9. I think magazine adverts are quite powerful because you get to look at the picture and understand what is  being advertised and what the purpose is for the advert. Also, in between lectures I read a lot of magazines so I get to see loads of adverts. Magazine adverts are nicely laid out and the colour helps sell the item. (1) F, 2 10. Billboard adverts are very powerful because they are on large scales, which means that it stands out and therefore it grabs my attention more than, say, little adverts in a magazine. Also I get bored of watching adverts on television, so they need to be striking and billboard adverts are big, colourful and bold. (2) F, 3 11. I tend to read a lot of magazines; it’s more to do with the fact that the images are stronger. I tend to look at pictures more than read articles. They have started to use black and white images again to make the product more powerful, and it catches your attention. (1) M, 1 12. My eyesight is not as good as it used to be, so I like to be able to hear the advert and what is being advertised. I like to sit down and watch television after I’ve been at work; it helps me to relax and I think that helps me to be drawn into the advert. (3) F, 4 13. Because someone is talking to you, you are more likely to pay attention to the television because you are waiting for your programme to come on. (3) F, 1 14. They use lots of colours and are appealing to the eye. You are more likely to watch television and pay attention to the adverts, whereas if you see it on a billboard or magazine then you are just glancing at it and not actually paying much attention. (3) F, 1 15. The adverts on billboards are very big and easy to read. I do a lot of travelling, so I am on the go all the time, so I pass many each day. When I am stuck in traffic it gives me something to look at. (2) M, 5 3. Researcher C Question:† What makes such images powerful†? 1. You are forced to look at the image because you’re already reading the magazine and, unlike TV, you can look [at] the images for as long as you want to. (1) M, 1 2. The way they use images to provoke certain thoughts. Often they use sex to sell products. (1) F, 1 3. Because television is more easy to pay attention to than something like reading. (3) F, 2 4. It is interesting to watch television because theirs [sic] moving images and  sounds that grab your attention. (3) F, 1 5. You get the advert’s message where all you have to do is watch. (3) F, 1 6. A lot of adverts are made to be enjoyable and entertain. (3) M, 1 7. Their [sic] more interesting than something in a magazine. (3) F, 1 8. It’s fun to watch. They use ideas that will appeal to certain people. (3) M, 2 9. It is interesting to watch. (3) F, 2 10. The use of colourful imagery means that you pay attention. (1) F, 1 11. Thoughts are presented to you particularly when you are waiting for a programme to come on, and so your [sic] forced to pay attention to them whereas reading it requires effort. (3) M, 2 12. Because it uses sound and moving images to create an experience. (3) F, 1 13. It’s like watching real life. (3) F, 1 14. TV is entertaining to watch and so you’re more susceptible to the ideas adverts present but you don’t necessarily notice it because you’re being entertained. (3) M, 1 15. TV is fun to watch. (3) M, 1

Women And The Criminal Justice System

Women And The Criminal Justice System The aim of this work is to define the role factors such as gender, class, familial structure and prior victimization have in the awarding of justice to the female offender. It was found that the criminal justice system has traditionally been more lenient to the female offender based on two factors: gender and class and family structure. However, the criminal justice system finds itself in a legal and moral bind when it comes to prior victimization of the offender, and in differentiating between true victimization leading to a violent crime and the misrepresentation of such a previous state by the defending attorney. These findings should give an overall understanding of the criminal justice system with regards to female offenders and should form a framework within which such inequalities and discrepancies can be discussed. Introduction To better understand the criminal offender, it is necessary to understand the role the backgrounds of the offenders play in their path towards crime. The percentage of female offenders has increased in the recent past, and sociologists, criminal experts and the judiciary have grappled with the damning statistics. Various theories have been put forth to better understand the role race, class, family structure and victimization of the female offender have to play in the rise in crimes by the female gender. While a lot of work had gone into research into these themes individually, a deeper understanding of all these factors and the role they play in the treatment of women by the criminal justice system remains to be analyzed. This essay aims to explain these factors and the role the criminal justice system has to play in offering justice, and support to the female offender. The criminal justice system and the female offender According to sentencing statistics, nearly a third of women sentenced for indictable offences in 2000 received a community sentence compared with just under a quarter of men . It can be seen that the criminal justice system has traditionally been lenient on the female offender. In delivering justice, the background of the defendant, the role factors outside the purview of the crime that have contributed to the psycho-social development of the defendant are considered. However, various social and developmental factors also contribute to the low rates of serious crimes by women . While men are not socially connected and do not traditionally worry about children, women are bound to their home and hearth and thus desist from violent crimes. This difference is important to the jury, who consider previous crimes and delinquent history when considering their judicial stance on the offender. Thus, women tend to have less severe judicial outcomes in the criminal justice system. The role of race and the female offender According to Koons-Witt and Schram: Two findings are notable in terms of offending differences among females: (a) race conditioned the relationship between offending group and victim(s) sex for robbery incidents and (b) race conditioned the relationship between offending group and the social distance between victim(s) and perpetrator(s) for aggravated assaults. The race of a person has a major role to play in the psycho-social development of the female offender. Racial characteristics such as social conditioning, parenting style, opportunities for education and social development and interaction with other races have always played a major role in the development of the offender. The criminal justice system has also traditionally, not only discriminated on the basis of gender, but also on the basis of race when awarding punishment for crimes, both non-lethal, and lethal. However, in the context of the female offender, unlike gender, race has not played a role in the severity of senten ce for a crime, which remains a factor only for the male offender. The effect of race is conditioned by gender while the effect of gender is not conditioned by race. However, the harsher treatment of racial minorities by the criminal justice system is confined more to men, and the lenient treatment of women is found for minorities and whites alike . Class and family structure and the female offender Women from the lower and working class have been a priori been excluded from the middle class in their expectations and prior social programming. While the women from the socially backward classes have never been placed in the good girl category, dissimilar to their middle class counterparts, the criminal justice system considers the class of the women while deciding punishment for a crime. Like race, social conditioning of women offenders depends largely on their social class and existing family structure. Social scientists have long associated class and life-expectations of women in work, at home and in the social context. Delinquency and crime are also associated closely with the class of the offender. The criminal justice system has always considered the class of the female defendant to award punishment. Victimization and the female offender Vieraitis, Kovandzic and Britto state: ..womens absolute status is significantly correlated with female homicide victimization rates by intimate partners.. . The role of victimization leading to crime by the female offender cannot be overemphasized. In many cases, the victim turns criminal and the psychological effects of the crime of the woman are an important parameter in understanding the development of the criminal mindset. In many violent crimes committed by women, the victim is mostly the intimate partner who has, in the past, been violent towards their partner. This progression of crime has a major role to play in the psychological and criminal development of the offender and makes it a tough case for the defending attorney and the criminal justice system. The fine delineation between preexisting conditions that lead to the crime and the absence thereof makes the awarding of justice difficult and at time, morally challenging. Conclusion The female offender is shaped by her gender, class, familial background and prior victimization. These factors have a major role to play in the psycho-social development of the offender. While the criminal justice system has traditionally been lenient to the female offender, the rise in crime by women has brought to light these differences and how justice is served to these offenders. A larger meta-analysis of the problem would yield sociological and psychological constructs that may help streamline the justice system to recognize and eliminate errors in jurisprudence.

Love in If Thou Must Love Me, Let it be for Naught, To His Lady, and The Taxi :: To His Lady The Taxi poems

Love in "If Thou Must Love Me, Let it be for Naught", "To His Lady", and "The Taxi" "when a man loves a woman he'd give up all his comfort, sleep out in the rain, if she said that's the way it ought to be" (Percy Sledge). No truer words have ever been spoken when it comes to relationships between man and woman. For when a man and a woman come together for a relationship it should be for the right reason, and that reason is love. Love is much more than just a word though, it is a feeling and emotion that cannot be duplicated, imitated, or simulated. Love is, as described in "If Thou Must Love Me, Let it be for Naught", "To His Lady", and "The Taxi", the emotions of joy, happiness, caring, passion, commitment, pleasure, and even pain all rolled into one, which is shared between two people. The only love is true love. This means that when one loves another, the love that they are feeling should encompass all attributes of the person they are loving. If one were to say that they loved another for their beautiful eyes, this would not be true love. In order for it to be love, one would not just see the beautiful eyes, they would see everything about that person as beautiful. Elizabeth Barrett Browning agrees when she says to not love for a smile or a look, instead one should love for loves sake. ?Thou mayst love on, through love?s eternity? (206 14). True love is also a love that is eternal; true love is never ending. Henry Howard also believed that love should be everlasting. Wedding vows have become, to a certain extent, things of the past. People are getting married only to be divorced with in the first couple years of marriage. Till death do us part no longerholds meaning in the holy union of two souls. This is not true love. Luckily Howard helps us to see what true love is when he paints us a picture in words in ?To "His Lady?. ?In the long night, or in the shortest day/ In lofty youth, or when my hairs gray/ Set me in earth, in heaven, or yet in hell/ Sick, or in health, in ill fame, or in good/ Yours will I be? (277 lines 6, 8-9, 11-12). Through thick and thin, no matter what happens the man in this poem will stick by his lady.

Animal Farm: Comparing The Book To The Movie :: Animal Farm Essays

The novel†¦no†¦no†¦it’s not really a novel, it’s more of a fable. The fable by George Orwell†¦no†¦no†¦George Orwell isn’t his real name. His real name is Eric Blair. He wrote under a pen name to save him and his family embarrassment from earlier books he had written. The fable, by Eric Blair is a cute story how animals take over a farm. Well, actually the farm and the animals are just symbols. The fable by Eric Blair is political satire on the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 and the events that followed. The whole story is filled with symbols and irony. All of the characters in the story are symbols of real life people. The pigs as a group represent the Bolsheviks. Old Major represents Karl Marx, the founder of Marxism. Both speak out on how they feel. Napoleon represents Lenin in the beginning of the story, but as he gains more power, he becomes a Joseph Stalin. Snowball represents Leon Trotsky who was also banished from his land. Squealer represents propaganda and is a Party Hawk. Boxer and Benjamin represent the heroic working masses of Russia. They do most of the work but get none of the credit. The dogs represent the KGB, or the secret police. They take orders from Napoleon and do as he says, right or wrong. Moses represents the Orthodox Church as his name alone makes you think of religion. Mr. Jones represents a filthy capitalist. He is only concerned about money for himself. The book goes greater detail than the video. The book explains the characters better and gives more exa mples of their symbolism. The point of view in which the story is told in is ironic. The point of view is told from the lowly animals prospective. An example is when Boxer is â€Å"treated at a hospital.† Benjamin realizes that the truck is for horse slaughtering but Squealer convices Benjamin and the rest of the animals that hospital just didn’t have time to re-paint the truck. A couple of paragraphs later, the pigs hold a party in honor of Boxer and suddenly have acquired money to buy whiskey. Once again, the book goes into greater detail and has more examples of irony. A The book and movie are surprisingly not that far apart on many levels, although there are some venial differences.

Aristophanes and Homoeroticism: Admiration or Scorn? :: Aristophanes Homoeroticism Papers

In reading the comedies of Aristophanes, modern readers are able to catch a rich glimpse of the gender norms and expectations of his time. Visions of power-hungry, crafty women and bumbling, foolish men pervade his plays and reveal ancient Greek views and stereotypes regarding male and female roles. One of the more complicated concepts to grasp, however, is Aristophanes’ true sentiment regarding homosexual love and practice. The aim of this paper is to compare Aristophanes’ presentation of homoeroticism in The Women at the Thesmophoria to that of his speech in Plato’s Symposium and attempt to clarify the playwright’s stance on the matter. In these two works, Aristophanes offers a mix of mocking and approving sentiments oh homosexual men and the practice of homosexuality itself. As he is a comedian, Aristophanes immerses his characters in satire in order to gain laughs from the audience; by looking carefully at the texts, we can see he does not actually see homoeroticism as an institution to be derided and ridiculed. To begin, an examination of The Women at the Thesmophoria can provide valuable insights into the prevailing culture’s notion of homosexual relations. Just before Euripides and the Kinsman reached Agathon’s house, they discussed the poet briefly: Euripides: There is an Agathon †¦ Kinsman: You mean the suntanned one, strong guy? Euripides: No, a different one. You’ve never seen him? Kinsman: The one with the full beard? Euripides: You’ve never seen him? Kinsman: By Zeus, never, as far as I can recall. Euripides: Well, you must have fucked him, though you might not know it (38-45). This exchange, which foreshadowed the entrance of Agathon, provides us with a clear idea of how a man ought to look: tan, strong, and bearded. The joke here is that Agathon was by no means a masculine man, as proven by Euripides’ last comment, which solidifies Agathon’s effeminacy by stating he prefers a passive sexual position. While the statement may apparently show disdain for homosexual acts in general, it actually emphasizes the lack of manliness only in taking the passive homosexual position. Aristophanes and Homoeroticism: Admiration or Scorn? :: Aristophanes Homoeroticism Papers In reading the comedies of Aristophanes, modern readers are able to catch a rich glimpse of the gender norms and expectations of his time. Visions of power-hungry, crafty women and bumbling, foolish men pervade his plays and reveal ancient Greek views and stereotypes regarding male and female roles. One of the more complicated concepts to grasp, however, is Aristophanes’ true sentiment regarding homosexual love and practice. The aim of this paper is to compare Aristophanes’ presentation of homoeroticism in The Women at the Thesmophoria to that of his speech in Plato’s Symposium and attempt to clarify the playwright’s stance on the matter. In these two works, Aristophanes offers a mix of mocking and approving sentiments oh homosexual men and the practice of homosexuality itself. As he is a comedian, Aristophanes immerses his characters in satire in order to gain laughs from the audience; by looking carefully at the texts, we can see he does not actually see homoeroticism as an institution to be derided and ridiculed. To begin, an examination of The Women at the Thesmophoria can provide valuable insights into the prevailing culture’s notion of homosexual relations. Just before Euripides and the Kinsman reached Agathon’s house, they discussed the poet briefly: Euripides: There is an Agathon †¦ Kinsman: You mean the suntanned one, strong guy? Euripides: No, a different one. You’ve never seen him? Kinsman: The one with the full beard? Euripides: You’ve never seen him? Kinsman: By Zeus, never, as far as I can recall. Euripides: Well, you must have fucked him, though you might not know it (38-45). This exchange, which foreshadowed the entrance of Agathon, provides us with a clear idea of how a man ought to look: tan, strong, and bearded. The joke here is that Agathon was by no means a masculine man, as proven by Euripides’ last comment, which solidifies Agathon’s effeminacy by stating he prefers a passive sexual position. While the statement may apparently show disdain for homosexual acts in general, it actually emphasizes the lack of manliness only in taking the passive homosexual position.

Gasb and Fasb Essay

Board is to establish and improve standards of state and local governmental accounting and financial reporting that will result in useful information for users of financial reports and guide and educate the public, including issuers, auditors, and users of those financial reports. source: http://www. gasb. org/ FASB: The mission of the Financial Accounting Standards Board is to establish and improve standards of financial accounting and reporting for the guidance and education of the public, including issuers, auditors, and users of financial information. ource: http://www. fasb. org/ Similarities & Differences: Both boards share the following objectives: 1. To be objective in its decision making and to ensure, insofar as possible, the neutrality of information resulting from its standards. 2. To weigh carefully the views of its constituents in developing concepts and standards. 3. To promulgate standards only when the expected benefits exceed the perceived costs. 4. To bring about n eeded changes in ways that minimize disruption to the continuity of reporting practice. . To review the effects of past decisions and interpret, amend or replace standards in a timely fashion when such action is indicated. The main difference between the two is that the GASB is specific to individual state legislatures and the FASB is on a federal level, so their scope is much broader. Compare and contrast GASB and FASB. Explain objectives and how they are similar and different. Describe how the modified accrual basis of accounting differs from full accrual accounting. The Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) and the Financial Accounting Standards Board were created to establish accounting and financial reporting standards for governmental and not-for-profit organizations. The GASB for governments and the FASB for not-for-profit organizations. Governmental and not-for-profit organization financial statements serve the purpose and needs of their users. These users include governing boards, investors and creditors, taxpayers and citizens, and organizational members, donors and grantors, regulatory and oversight agencies, and employees and other constituents. Users of these statements should be able to assess an organization financial condition, compare an organization’s actual performance with the budget, determine compliance with appropriate laws, regulations and restrictions on the use of funds and evaluate efficiency and effectiveness. (Granof, 2007, pg. 13) The GASB places importance on accountability and feels that the government should be accountable to citizens. In achieving this goal the objectives of the GASB is that organizations are accountable to the citizens. This accountability insists that financial reporting information that will reveal whether current-year revenues are enough to pay current-year expenses; demonstrate whether budgets were adhered to; and mission The objective for the GASB is to set standard in accounting and financial reporting for state and local governments. These standards are to provide useful information for the users of financial reports. In achieving this goal the objectives of the GASB is that organizations are accountable to the citizens. This accountability insists that financial reporting information that will reveal whether current-year revenues are enough to pay current-year expenses; demonstrate whether budgets were adhered to; and assist users in assessing cost and accomplishments of the government organization. According to the GASB users should be able to determine the operating results of the entity for the year with the use of its financial reporting by providing information about sources and uses of financial resources, how the entity financed its activities and meet its cash requirements, and whether the organization financial position improved or eteriorated due to operations. Ensuring that financial reports allow users to determine what level and if the government entity will be able to meet its obligations by providing information on the financial condition and position, about its physical and nonfinancial resources and disclousrue of legal or contractual restrictions on resources and their risks. The F ASB’s mandate is to set accounting and financial reporting for not-for-profit organizations. The FASB determined that financial reporting should provide information that help users make decisions about the allocation of resources, assess services and the ability to continue to provide service, assess how managers discharge their stewardship responsibilities and their performance. In addition, the FASB requires that information is provided about economic resoreces, obligations and net resources of an organization, periodic performance of the organization, how cash and liquid assets are spent and its borrowing and repayment and explainations and interpretations to understand financial information. Differences between GASB and FASB is that the GASB sets standards for state and local governments while the FASB set standards for the federal government. Another difference is that GASB feels that government organizations should adhere to budget compliancy while the FASB does not place specific emphais on budgets but on managers and their manangement . The modified accrual basis is a form of accounting where expenditures are recognized on a accrual basis and cash basis. When using the modified accrual basis revenues are recognized in the period they become available and measureable. On the other hand the full accrual basis of accounting calls for the recognition of revenues and expenses when they are incurred no matter when the monetary transaction takes place.

Remember the Titans

Remember the Titans Directed by Boaz Yakin, Remember the Titans explores racism in the community of Alexandria and the struggles of dealing with an integrated society, school and football team. Remember the Titans makes evident that ultimately the community of Alexandria are the real winners after the Titans gain victory at the Championship and the public learn to accept the opposite race and treat them with newfound respect. The creation of friendships, their attitudes towards each other and realising opportunities are all positives that came from the gradual acceptance of change.Characters in the film form friendships within the community whether they’re African-American or Caucasian, subsequently to the good example set by the Titans’ Championship team. This is seen through Julius Campbell and Gerry Bertier when they are placed in a room together on football camp causing agitation between the two. Julius and Gerry first meet when they are seated together on the bus a nd Coach Boone announces â€Å"the person I have you sitting next to is the same one that you’ll be rooming with for the duration of this camp†.The two characters show their hate for each other in many ways, the first being on the bus Julius tells Gerry he â€Å"can shut-up†, causing more conflict between the two. Together with the encounter over a poster in their room, it’s clear the two are far from friends. Although as the team starts pulling together and begin to win their games of football this changes dramatically. Gerry listens to Julius and lectures one of the team members, Gerry’s best friend about his terrible blocking for one of the African-American players.This results in Julius and Gerry shouting â€Å"left-side† â€Å"strong side† at each other, being the start of a close friendship and unity. This great friendship develops over time and they soon become so close they call each other â€Å"brother[s]† and Gerry in vites Julius over to meet his â€Å"mama† which is a big deal, considering at the start of their friendship Gerry’s mum didn’t agree with it. Sheryl and Nicky become friends after the Titans work as an integrated team and they gradually grow to have similar interests instead of being totally opposed to spending time with each other.In the beginning of the film the two girls were totally different, Sheryl not putting in any effort to â€Å"play dolls† or Nicky refusing to play basketball because she â€Å"just did [her] nails†. Ultimately they get excited with each other about the Titans winning streak and celebrate by hugging and jumping around together. This shows friendship formed because of the Titans and the team’s victory. The success of the Titans is a positive reflection on the relationships formed within the team, where their cohesion allows the rest of the Alexandria community to see the benefits of amalgamation and inter-racial res pect.Conclusively the whole town of Alexandria benefitted and were the winners after all, due to the Titans helping form friendships. In the film, Remember the Titans the town of Alexandria was disadvantaged by being segregated, where not only were the people in the community missing out on friendships opportunities, but also business and team opportunities. They were missing out on a different, more helpful and compassionate way of life. An example of this is the business that turns away Petey and Blue to eat there because they’re African-American.The diner misses out on a sale not only then, but from all the other hundred or more Negro people that would purchase food there if they were accepted. But instead they were told â€Å"to head out back and pick it up from there† as if having a person with a different appearance in their diner would affect business sales. â€Å"in Virginia, high school football is a way of life,† and throughout Remember the Titans the team are significant social leaders, to both races; black and white.Especially after the Titans win the Championship, the audience sees Alexandria realise that their people are all the same, and finally start to treat each other with some respect. â€Å"You taught his city how to trust the soul of a man, rather than the look of him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  If Alexandria was still segregated the friendships wouldn’t be the same: the Titans might not have won the Championship game, Coach Yoast could have received a place in the â€Å"Hall of Fame†, Gerry wouldn’t have had the car accident, they wouldn’t have accepted change, and they would still be as close minded, biased and prejudiced as they were the year before the game.The town showed a real change after the Titans won the Northern Regional Championship Game, all the people of the town whether they were black or white were there to cheer and congratulate the team on their victory. This was a huge change in the a ttitudes of the township. Although the change was hard, the town is better of being integrated due to the transformation after the win thanks to the Titans. It is the tragedies and mistakes within Remember the Titans that cause the community of Alexandria to learn and develop in order to ultimately benefit from the example of the Titans.Even though the town eventually advanced greatly from the example set by the Titans not everybody in the film was a ‘winner’. Ray Budds was part of the Titans, but as the team advanced in their acceptance Ray did not change in the way he felt about integration. Eventually he was removed from the team by the person who used to be his best friend, Gerry, after he â€Å"missed the block on purpose†. This consequence for Ray helps the team move forward together after gaining more unity and helping each other more, with no negative relationships in the team.Coach Yoast also had to sacrifice something to help the Titans; willingly Yoast gives up his spot in the â€Å"Hall of Fame† so that the team can fairly win one of the games of football they play. Even though he had worked extremely hard for that spot, he realised that it was not right to let the other team cheat on his behalf to acquire the Hall of Fame place. Coach Yoast understood that the people choosing the recipient were a â€Å"bunch of rednecks† and that himself and his daughter Sheryl would work just as hard to be the receiver of the Hall of Fame place next year, once the judgemental people realised he was a worthy recipient.Ultimately the town and the people in the town had to sacrifice some important things in their lives after they realised it was the right thing to do, making the town of Alexandria a better, happier, integrated town. Throughout Boaz Yakin’s Remember the Titans people change, to overall make the town of Alexandria a better place to live and work. No matter what race, people in Alexandria are accepted. Being abl e to accept something different is a difficult task and the Titans set the example and helped Alexandria as a whole to be winners. Remember the Titans Sherry Holloway Analysis Essay Remember the Titans Based on actual events that took place in 1971, this movie is about the racial and social tensions of the South. Alexandria, Virginia is a community torn apart by racial hatred and the order to integrate their public high schools. Reluctantly, the school board replaces Bill Yoast (Will Patton), the popular white coach, with Herman Boone (Denzel Washington), a reputable black coach, as head coach of the T. C. Williams Titans football team. Yoast, under an invitation from Boone, accepts the position as coach of the defensive line.Together they inspire, not just the team, but the town to â€Å"Trust the soul of a man rather than the look of him. † This is a brilliant movie that not only entertains, but teaches a life changing lessons. Remember the Titans shows its viewers to look further than a person’s outward appearance and look at a person’s soul. Racism and football is the backdrop for the clash of leadership st yles and personal perspectives that each man must learn and understand in order to become a winning team.Furthermore, this movie goes beyond the lesson of racism, it also teaches unity, trust, loyalty, and integrity. First, while they are at football camp the racial tensions come to a head and cause an outpour of hatred as the coaches integrate the all-white team with the all-black team. It’s not until one white player is partnered with one black player and forced to find out personal information do they start to realize they are all somewhat the same on the inside. Another lesson that came out in this part of the film is that not all prejudices occur between different ethnic groups.Ronnie Bass (Kip Pardue) arrives at football camp, with long blonde hair, just having moved from California. The team quickly nicknames him â€Å"Sunshine† because they assume that since he is from California and has long hair, he must be gay. Next, unity is brought to light when the captai n of the all-white team, Gerry Bertier (Ryan Hurt) confronts the captain of the all-black team, Julius Campbell (Wood Harris) about his team playing as individuals and not a team. Things start to turn around when Julius tells Gerry â€Å"Actions eflect leadership, captain†, that’s when Gerry realizes he is not being a good leader and letting the team down. Additionally, when the team gets back from camp they quickly realize the town does not share their newly unified team loyalty and some of the team members start to regress and lose their trust in unity. Once the team rallies and shows the town that they are working together and are loyal regardless of skin color most of the town follows the lead of the football team and accepts the new coach and team members.Unfortunately, not all the town is so accepting and some try to sabotage a football game, with the officiating, to cause the team to lose. Coach Yoast sees what is happening and stops it, showing his loyalty is t o the team and not the school board. Finally, the team is losing in the State Championship and Coach Yoast is still letting his pride stand in the way of asking Coach Boone for help with the defensive line.It takes Coach Yoast’s nine year old daughter, Sheryl (Hayden Panettiere), encouraging him to trust a man’s soul rather than his looks to finally unite the two coaches. All in all, Remember the Titans shows how reverence is a stern antidote for racial hatred and bigotry. The sport of football became a workshop for teaching the young and old about racial harmony, trust, and loyalty. People said that it could not work, black and white, but the Titans made it work every day. Remember the Titans Remember the Titans Directed by Boaz Yakin, Remember the Titans explores racism in the community of Alexandria and the struggles of dealing with an integrated society, school and football team. Remember the Titans makes evident that ultimately the community of Alexandria are the real winners after the Titans gain victory at the Championship and the public learn to accept the opposite race and treat them with newfound respect. The creation of friendships, their attitudes towards each other and realising opportunities are all positives that came from the gradual acceptance of change.Characters in the film form friendships within the community whether they’re African-American or Caucasian, subsequently to the good example set by the Titans’ Championship team. This is seen through Julius Campbell and Gerry Bertier when they are placed in a room together on football camp causing agitation between the two. Julius and Gerry first meet when they are seated together on the bus a nd Coach Boone announces â€Å"the person I have you sitting next to is the same one that you’ll be rooming with for the duration of this camp†.The two characters show their hate for each other in many ways, the first being on the bus Julius tells Gerry he â€Å"can shut-up†, causing more conflict between the two. Together with the encounter over a poster in their room, it’s clear the two are far from friends. Although as the team starts pulling together and begin to win their games of football this changes dramatically. Gerry listens to Julius and lectures one of the team members, Gerry’s best friend about his terrible blocking for one of the African-American players.This results in Julius and Gerry shouting â€Å"left-side† â€Å"strong side† at each other, being the start of a close friendship and unity. This great friendship develops over time and they soon become so close they call each other â€Å"brother[s]† and Gerry in vites Julius over to meet his â€Å"mama† which is a big deal, considering at the start of their friendship Gerry’s mum didn’t agree with it. Sheryl and Nicky become friends after the Titans work as an integrated team and they gradually grow to have similar interests instead of being totally opposed to spending time with each other.In the beginning of the film the two girls were totally different, Sheryl not putting in any effort to â€Å"play dolls† or Nicky refusing to play basketball because she â€Å"just did [her] nails†. Ultimately they get excited with each other about the Titans winning streak and celebrate by hugging and jumping around together. This shows friendship formed because of the Titans and the team’s victory. The success of the Titans is a positive reflection on the relationships formed within the team, where their cohesion allows the rest of the Alexandria community to see the benefits of amalgamation and inter-racial res pect.Conclusively the whole town of Alexandria benefitted and were the winners after all, due to the Titans helping form friendships. In the film, Remember the Titans the town of Alexandria was disadvantaged by being segregated, where not only were the people in the community missing out on friendships opportunities, but also business and team opportunities. They were missing out on a different, more helpful and compassionate way of life. An example of this is the business that turns away Petey and Blue to eat there because they’re African-American.The diner misses out on a sale not only then, but from all the other hundred or more Negro people that would purchase food there if they were accepted. But instead they were told â€Å"to head out back and pick it up from there† as if having a person with a different appearance in their diner would affect business sales. â€Å"in Virginia, high school football is a way of life,† and throughout Remember the Titans the team are significant social leaders, to both races; black and white.Especially after the Titans win the Championship, the audience sees Alexandria realise that their people are all the same, and finally start to treat each other with some respect. â€Å"You taught his city how to trust the soul of a man, rather than the look of him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  If Alexandria was still segregated the friendships wouldn’t be the same: the Titans might not have won the Championship game, Coach Yoast could have received a place in the â€Å"Hall of Fame†, Gerry wouldn’t have had the car accident, they wouldn’t have accepted change, and they would still be as close minded, biased and prejudiced as they were the year before the game.The town showed a real change after the Titans won the Northern Regional Championship Game, all the people of the town whether they were black or white were there to cheer and congratulate the team on their victory. This was a huge change in the a ttitudes of the township. Although the change was hard, the town is better of being integrated due to the transformation after the win thanks to the Titans. It is the tragedies and mistakes within Remember the Titans that cause the community of Alexandria to learn and develop in order to ultimately benefit from the example of the Titans.Even though the town eventually advanced greatly from the example set by the Titans not everybody in the film was a ‘winner’. Ray Budds was part of the Titans, but as the team advanced in their acceptance Ray did not change in the way he felt about integration. Eventually he was removed from the team by the person who used to be his best friend, Gerry, after he â€Å"missed the block on purpose†. This consequence for Ray helps the team move forward together after gaining more unity and helping each other more, with no negative relationships in the team.Coach Yoast also had to sacrifice something to help the Titans; willingly Yoast gives up his spot in the â€Å"Hall of Fame† so that the team can fairly win one of the games of football they play. Even though he had worked extremely hard for that spot, he realised that it was not right to let the other team cheat on his behalf to acquire the Hall of Fame place. Coach Yoast understood that the people choosing the recipient were a â€Å"bunch of rednecks† and that himself and his daughter Sheryl would work just as hard to be the receiver of the Hall of Fame place next year, once the judgemental people realised he was a worthy recipient.Ultimately the town and the people in the town had to sacrifice some important things in their lives after they realised it was the right thing to do, making the town of Alexandria a better, happier, integrated town. Throughout Boaz Yakin’s Remember the Titans people change, to overall make the town of Alexandria a better place to live and work. No matter what race, people in Alexandria are accepted. Being abl e to accept something different is a difficult task and the Titans set the example and helped Alexandria as a whole to be winners.